Landscape Evolution of the Melamchi Valley, Nepal (2014-2024)

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Dataset Information

Earthquakes, landsliding, and flooding are common natural hazards threatening the livelihood and economic progress of Nepal. The Melamchi Valley of Central Nepal has been particularly devastated by multiple disasters in recent years including the 2015 Mw7.8 Gorkha earthquake and a large sediment-laden flood in 2021. Multiple hazards and evolving ground conditions require immediate attention for the assessment of future threats and mitigation strategies. Twelve 1 m resolution digital surface models (DSMs) were produced by photogrammetry of 0.5 m resolution Pleiades stereo satellite images (Table 1) to document the topographic changes in the Melamchi Valley (Fig. 1). These DSMs show and quantify significant impacts of the 2021 flood, including intense headwater erosion and downstream sediment aggradation. Detailed data interpretation refers to Chen et al. (2024) “Erosion Cascade during the 2021 Melamchi Flood” in Nature Geoscience. These high-resolution DSM data enable researchers to trace how this earthquake- and hazard-prone region evolves in the future to understand surface processes shaping rapidly eroding mountain belts. This research is funded by an NSF Frontier Research in Earth Sciences Program awarded to A. Joshua West.

opentopoID: OTDS.102024.32645.1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5069/G9R78CFK
Platform: Structure from Motion / Photogrammetry
Data Format: Raster
Dataset Acknowledgement: N/A - Acknowledgement Guidance
Dataset Citation: Chen, C. (2024). Landscape Evolution of the Melamchi Valley, Nepal (2014-2024). Distributed by OpenTopography. https://doi.org/10.5069/G9R78CFK. Accessed: 2025-11-04
Survey Date: 11/01/2014 - 01/09/2024
Publication Date: 10/25/2024
Coordinates System:
Horizontal: WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N [EPSG: 32645]

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Spatial Extent

Show Data Files

    Raster Data
  File Name Size Resolution Dimensions Layer Type  
1     Melamchi_DSM_P01_201411.tif     433.48 MB     1 meter     16163 x 23700     Digital Surface Model (DSM)             File Metadata    
SpatialReference 
PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N",     BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",         DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",             ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,                 LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],         ID["EPSG",4326]],     CONVERSION["UTM zone 45N",         METHOD["Transverse Mercator",             ID["EPSG",9807]],         PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8801]],         PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",87,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8802]],         PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,             SCALEUNIT["unity",1],             ID["EPSG",8805]],         PARAMETER["False easting",500000,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8806]],         PARAMETER["False northing",0,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8807]]],     CS[Cartesian,2],         AXIS["(E)",east,             ORDER[1],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],         AXIS["(N)",north,             ORDER[2],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],     USAGE[         SCOPE["Engineering survey, topographic mapping."],         AREA["Between 84°E and 90°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Bangladesh. Bhutan. China. India. Kazakhstan. Mongolia. Nepal. Russian Federation."],         BBOX[0,84,84,90]],     ID["EPSG",32645]]

Geographic Coordinates (Lat, Lon) - EPSG:4326
North-East (Lat, Lon): (28.28018721350314, 85.60717684448052)
South-West (Lat, Lon): (28.06454526807065, 85.44551235644863)

Projected Coordinates (X, Y) - EPSG:32645
North-East (X, Y): (363402.5, 3129027.5)
South-West (X, Y): (347239.5, 3105327.5)
2     Melamchi_DSM_P02_201411.tif     229.74 MB     1 meter     13948 x 19539     Digital Surface Model (DSM)             File Metadata    
SpatialReference 
PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N",     BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",         DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",             ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,                 LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],         ID["EPSG",4326]],     CONVERSION["UTM zone 45N",         METHOD["Transverse Mercator",             ID["EPSG",9807]],         PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8801]],         PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",87,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8802]],         PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,             SCALEUNIT["unity",1],             ID["EPSG",8805]],         PARAMETER["False easting",500000,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8806]],         PARAMETER["False northing",0,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8807]]],     CS[Cartesian,2],         AXIS["(E)",east,             ORDER[1],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],         AXIS["(N)",north,             ORDER[2],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],     USAGE[         SCOPE["Engineering survey, topographic mapping."],         AREA["Between 84°E and 90°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Bangladesh. Bhutan. China. India. Kazakhstan. Mongolia. Nepal. Russian Federation."],         BBOX[0,84,84,90]],     ID["EPSG",32645]]

Geographic Coordinates (Lat, Lon) - EPSG:4326
North-East (Lat, Lon): (28.005181819676054, 85.6157337019032)
South-West (Lat, Lon): (27.827356631785996, 85.47638801406862)

Projected Coordinates (X, Y) - EPSG:32645
North-East (X, Y): (363894.5, 3098548.5)
South-West (X, Y): (349946.5, 3079009.5)
3     Melamchi_DSM_P03_202011.tif     558.21 MB     1 meter     11011 x 22128     Digital Surface Model (DSM)             File Metadata    
SpatialReference 
PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N",     BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",         DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",             ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,                 LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],         ID["EPSG",4326]],     CONVERSION["UTM zone 45N",         METHOD["Transverse Mercator",             ID["EPSG",9807]],         PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8801]],         PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",87,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8802]],         PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,             SCALEUNIT["unity",1],             ID["EPSG",8805]],         PARAMETER["False easting",500000,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8806]],         PARAMETER["False northing",0,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8807]]],     CS[Cartesian,2],         AXIS["(E)",east,             ORDER[1],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],         AXIS["(N)",north,             ORDER[2],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],     USAGE[         SCOPE["Engineering survey, topographic mapping."],         AREA["Between 84°E and 90°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Bangladesh. Bhutan. China. India. Kazakhstan. Mongolia. Nepal. Russian Federation."],         BBOX[0,84,84,90]],     ID["EPSG",32645]]

Geographic Coordinates (Lat, Lon) - EPSG:4326
North-East (Lat, Lon): (28.17002140522584, 85.59126142610441)
South-West (Lat, Lon): (27.969138399081977, 85.48194353232697)

Projected Coordinates (X, Y) - EPSG:32645
North-East (X, Y): (361699.5, 3116839.5)
South-West (X, Y): (350688.5, 3094711.5)
4     Melamchi_DSM_P04_202011.tif     223.80 MB     1 meter     11655 x 14212     Digital Surface Model (DSM)             File Metadata    
SpatialReference 
PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N",     BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",         DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",             ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,                 LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],         ID["EPSG",4326]],     CONVERSION["UTM zone 45N",         METHOD["Transverse Mercator",             ID["EPSG",9807]],         PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8801]],         PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",87,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8802]],         PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,             SCALEUNIT["unity",1],             ID["EPSG",8805]],         PARAMETER["False easting",500000,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8806]],         PARAMETER["False northing",0,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8807]]],     CS[Cartesian,2],         AXIS["(E)",east,             ORDER[1],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],         AXIS["(N)",north,             ORDER[2],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],     USAGE[         SCOPE["Engineering survey, topographic mapping."],         AREA["Between 84°E and 90°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Bangladesh. Bhutan. China. India. Kazakhstan. Mongolia. Nepal. Russian Federation."],         BBOX[0,84,84,90]],     ID["EPSG",32645]]

Geographic Coordinates (Lat, Lon) - EPSG:4326
North-East (Lat, Lon): (28.153048398171244, 85.49819539590165)
South-West (Lat, Lon): (28.023453154142594, 85.38145871362566)

Projected Coordinates (X, Y) - EPSG:32645
North-East (X, Y): (352538.5, 3115068.5)
South-West (X, Y): (340883.5, 3100856.5)
5     Melamchi_DSM_P05_202101.tif     947.05 MB     1 meter     12996 x 31633     Digital Surface Model (DSM)             File Metadata    
SpatialReference 
PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N",     BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",         DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",             ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,                 LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],         ID["EPSG",4326]],     CONVERSION["UTM zone 45N",         METHOD["Transverse Mercator",             ID["EPSG",9807]],         PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8801]],         PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",87,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8802]],         PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,             SCALEUNIT["unity",1],             ID["EPSG",8805]],         PARAMETER["False easting",500000,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8806]],         PARAMETER["False northing",0,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8807]]],     CS[Cartesian,2],         AXIS["(E)",east,             ORDER[1],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],         AXIS["(N)",north,             ORDER[2],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],     USAGE[         SCOPE["Engineering survey, topographic mapping."],         AREA["Between 84°E and 90°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Bangladesh. Bhutan. China. India. Kazakhstan. Mongolia. Nepal. Russian Federation."],         BBOX[0,84,84,90]],     ID["EPSG",32645]]

Geographic Coordinates (Lat, Lon) - EPSG:4326
North-East (Lat, Lon): (27.99509315496919, 85.62314328063806)
South-West (Lat, Lon): (27.70823898560082, 85.49496240616038)

Projected Coordinates (X, Y) - EPSG:32645
North-East (X, Y): (364610.5, 3097422.5)
South-West (X, Y): (351614.5, 3065789.5)
6     Melamchi_DSM_P06_202110.tif     591.13 MB     1 meter     18240 x 16507     Digital Surface Model (DSM)             File Metadata    
SpatialReference 
PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N",     BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",         DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",             ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,                 LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],         ID["EPSG",4326]],     CONVERSION["UTM zone 45N",         METHOD["Transverse Mercator",             ID["EPSG",9807]],         PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8801]],         PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",87,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8802]],         PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,             SCALEUNIT["unity",1],             ID["EPSG",8805]],         PARAMETER["False easting",500000,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8806]],         PARAMETER["False northing",0,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8807]]],     CS[Cartesian,2],         AXIS["(E)",east,             ORDER[1],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],         AXIS["(N)",north,             ORDER[2],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],     USAGE[         SCOPE["Engineering survey, topographic mapping."],         AREA["Between 84°E and 90°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Bangladesh. Bhutan. China. India. Kazakhstan. Mongolia. Nepal. Russian Federation."],         BBOX[0,84,84,90]],     ID["EPSG",32645]]

Geographic Coordinates (Lat, Lon) - EPSG:4326
North-East (Lat, Lon): (27.85893367402182, 85.62460382295593)
South-West (Lat, Lon): (27.707999614188967, 85.44152090254842)

Projected Coordinates (X, Y) - EPSG:32645
North-East (X, Y): (364584.5, 3082335.5)
South-West (X, Y): (346344.5, 3065828.5)
7     Melamchi_DSM_P07_202110.tif     1.19 GB     1 meter     17729 x 38045     Digital Surface Model (DSM)             File Metadata    
SpatialReference 
PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N",     BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",         DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",             ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,                 LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],         ID["EPSG",4326]],     CONVERSION["UTM zone 45N",         METHOD["Transverse Mercator",             ID["EPSG",9807]],         PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8801]],         PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",87,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8802]],         PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,             SCALEUNIT["unity",1],             ID["EPSG",8805]],         PARAMETER["False easting",500000,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8806]],         PARAMETER["False northing",0,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8807]]],     CS[Cartesian,2],         AXIS["(E)",east,             ORDER[1],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],         AXIS["(N)",north,             ORDER[2],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],     USAGE[         SCOPE["Engineering survey, topographic mapping."],         AREA["Between 84°E and 90°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Bangladesh. Bhutan. China. India. Kazakhstan. Mongolia. Nepal. Russian Federation."],         BBOX[0,84,84,90]],     ID["EPSG",32645]]

Geographic Coordinates (Lat, Lon) - EPSG:4326
North-East (Lat, Lon): (28.17598335578201, 85.61386645227525)
South-West (Lat, Lon): (27.830721462319044, 85.43827856657121)

Projected Coordinates (X, Y) - EPSG:32645
North-East (X, Y): (363926.5, 3117474.5)
South-West (X, Y): (346197.5, 3079429.5)
8     Melamchi_DSM_P08_202312.tif     569.73 MB     1 meter     15405 x 20238     Digital Surface Model (DSM)             File Metadata    
SpatialReference 
PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N",     BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",         DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",             ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,                 LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],         ID["EPSG",4326]],     CONVERSION["UTM zone 45N",         METHOD["Transverse Mercator",             ID["EPSG",9807]],         PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8801]],         PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",87,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8802]],         PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,             SCALEUNIT["unity",1],             ID["EPSG",8805]],         PARAMETER["False easting",500000,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8806]],         PARAMETER["False northing",0,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8807]]],     CS[Cartesian,2],         AXIS["(E)",east,             ORDER[1],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],         AXIS["(N)",north,             ORDER[2],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],     USAGE[         SCOPE["Engineering survey, topographic mapping."],         AREA["Between 84°E and 90°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Bangladesh. Bhutan. China. India. Kazakhstan. Mongolia. Nepal. Russian Federation."],         BBOX[0,84,84,90]],     ID["EPSG",32645]]

Geographic Coordinates (Lat, Lon) - EPSG:4326
North-East (Lat, Lon): (28.17563392202234, 85.58937487506677)
South-West (Lat, Lon): (27.991303949608497, 85.43514624532853)

Projected Coordinates (X, Y) - EPSG:32645
North-East (X, Y): (361521.5, 3117463.5)
South-West (X, Y): (346116.5, 3097225.5)
9     Melamchi_DSM_P09_202312.tif     195.63 MB     1 meter     7798 x 21407     Digital Surface Model (DSM)             File Metadata    
SpatialReference 
PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N",     BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",         DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",             ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,                 LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],         ID["EPSG",4326]],     CONVERSION["UTM zone 45N",         METHOD["Transverse Mercator",             ID["EPSG",9807]],         PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8801]],         PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",87,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8802]],         PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,             SCALEUNIT["unity",1],             ID["EPSG",8805]],         PARAMETER["False easting",500000,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8806]],         PARAMETER["False northing",0,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8807]]],     CS[Cartesian,2],         AXIS["(E)",east,             ORDER[1],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],         AXIS["(N)",north,             ORDER[2],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],     USAGE[         SCOPE["Engineering survey, topographic mapping."],         AREA["Between 84°E and 90°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Bangladesh. Bhutan. China. India. Kazakhstan. Mongolia. Nepal. Russian Federation."],         BBOX[0,84,84,90]],     ID["EPSG",32645]]

Geographic Coordinates (Lat, Lon) - EPSG:4326
North-East (Lat, Lon): (27.80025989807097, 85.67492785748206)
South-West (Lat, Lon): (27.606280483642994, 85.59825721939396)

Projected Coordinates (X, Y) - EPSG:32645
North-East (X, Y): (369469.5, 3075780.5)
South-West (X, Y): (361671.5, 3054373.5)
10     Melamchi_DSM_P10_202312.tif     999.29 MB     1 meter     19943 x 40729     Digital Surface Model (DSM)             File Metadata    
SpatialReference 
PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N",     BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",         DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",             ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,                 LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],         ID["EPSG",4326]],     CONVERSION["UTM zone 45N",         METHOD["Transverse Mercator",             ID["EPSG",9807]],         PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8801]],         PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",87,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8802]],         PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,             SCALEUNIT["unity",1],             ID["EPSG",8805]],         PARAMETER["False easting",500000,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8806]],         PARAMETER["False northing",0,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8807]]],     CS[Cartesian,2],         AXIS["(E)",east,             ORDER[1],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],         AXIS["(N)",north,             ORDER[2],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],     USAGE[         SCOPE["Engineering survey, topographic mapping."],         AREA["Between 84°E and 90°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Bangladesh. Bhutan. China. India. Kazakhstan. Mongolia. Nepal. Russian Federation."],         BBOX[0,84,84,90]],     ID["EPSG",32645]]

Geographic Coordinates (Lat, Lon) - EPSG:4326
North-East (Lat, Lon): (27.78603857651809, 85.84753655587768)
South-West (Lat, Lon): (27.416611199540835, 85.64966663289451)

Projected Coordinates (X, Y) - EPSG:32645
North-East (X, Y): (386459.5, 3074033.5)
South-West (X, Y): (366516.5, 3033304.5)
11     Melamchi_DSM_P11_202312.tif     608.07 MB     1 meter     18248 x 16474     Digital Surface Model (DSM)             File Metadata    
SpatialReference 
PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N",     BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",         DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",             ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,                 LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],         ID["EPSG",4326]],     CONVERSION["UTM zone 45N",         METHOD["Transverse Mercator",             ID["EPSG",9807]],         PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8801]],         PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",87,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8802]],         PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,             SCALEUNIT["unity",1],             ID["EPSG",8805]],         PARAMETER["False easting",500000,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8806]],         PARAMETER["False northing",0,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8807]]],     CS[Cartesian,2],         AXIS["(E)",east,             ORDER[1],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],         AXIS["(N)",north,             ORDER[2],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],     USAGE[         SCOPE["Engineering survey, topographic mapping."],         AREA["Between 84°E and 90°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Bangladesh. Bhutan. China. India. Kazakhstan. Mongolia. Nepal. Russian Federation."],         BBOX[0,84,84,90]],     ID["EPSG",32645]]

Geographic Coordinates (Lat, Lon) - EPSG:4326
North-East (Lat, Lon): (27.85887952479585, 85.62460450653703)
South-West (Lat, Lon): (27.708242357670088, 85.44143632197397)

Projected Coordinates (X, Y) - EPSG:32645
North-East (X, Y): (364584.5, 3082329.5)
South-West (X, Y): (346336.5, 3065855.5)
12     Melamchi_DSM_P12_202401.tif     724.64 MB     1 meter     17459 x 20703     Digital Surface Model (DSM)             File Metadata    
SpatialReference 
PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N",     BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",         DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",             ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,                 LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],         ID["EPSG",4326]],     CONVERSION["UTM zone 45N",         METHOD["Transverse Mercator",             ID["EPSG",9807]],         PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8801]],         PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",87,             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],             ID["EPSG",8802]],         PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,             SCALEUNIT["unity",1],             ID["EPSG",8805]],         PARAMETER["False easting",500000,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8806]],         PARAMETER["False northing",0,             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],             ID["EPSG",8807]]],     CS[Cartesian,2],         AXIS["(E)",east,             ORDER[1],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],         AXIS["(N)",north,             ORDER[2],             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],     USAGE[         SCOPE["Engineering survey, topographic mapping."],         AREA["Between 84°E and 90°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Bangladesh. Bhutan. China. India. Kazakhstan. Mongolia. Nepal. Russian Federation."],         BBOX[0,84,84,90]],     ID["EPSG",32645]]

Geographic Coordinates (Lat, Lon) - EPSG:4326
North-East (Lat, Lon): (28.017151766805974, 85.61590608531753)
South-West (Lat, Lon): (27.828424213634502, 85.44105261301586)

Projected Coordinates (X, Y) - EPSG:32645
North-East (X, Y): (363926.5, 3099874.5)
South-West (X, Y): (346467.5, 3079171.5)
  Summary 7.13 GB            
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